Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS): Effects and Applications

Abstract

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used for their analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties. They function primarily by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, reducing the production of prostaglandins involved in pain and inflammation. NSAIDs are commonly prescribed for conditions such as arthritis, musculoskeletal injuries, and fever management. However, prolonged use is associated with gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and renal side effects. Selective COX-2 inhibitors were developed to minimize gastrointestinal risks, but concerns about cardiovascular safety persist. Recent studies have explored alternative mechanisms and formulations to enhance NSAID efficacy while minimizing adverse effects. Further research is needed to optimize their therapeutic benefits and mitigate risks.